How a constructed wetland within a natural park enhances plankton communities after more than 10 years of operation: Changes over space and time.

Constructed wetlands are increasingly used as a solution to treat polluted water in natural environments. Located in the Albufera de València Natural Park, a constructed wetland was built in 2009 as a pilot project to act as an intermediary between low-quality waters and the largest protected coastal lagoon in the Iberian Peninsula. With a unique dataset spanning more than a decade (2009-2023), this study assessed changes in plankton communities both spatially (comparing six sampling sites) and temporally (comparing four periods of years). The results show how the constructed wetland, after nearly 15 years of operation, has not only maintained but also improved its capacity to enhance the biological quality of the water which is released into the protected lagoon, thus fulfilling one of the main aims of its construction. During the last period (2020-2023) of the time series, the constructed wetland outlets had significantly higher zooplankton biomass, particularly filter-feeding cladocerans, compared to the inlets. This clear improvement in the plankton community was due to management interventions (e.g., drying sectors of the constructed wetland during the summers since 2019) and the rise in temperature. These circumstances promoted earlier hatching of cladoceran diapause eggs from the sediments compared to previous years, maintaining their presence throughout all seasons. Consequently, the outlets of the constructed wetland had significantly lower phytoplankton abundance and sestonic chlorophyll-a concentrations than in the past, nearly oligotrophic states, and a reduced biovolume of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in the released waters.