Light and scanning electron microscopy of the eye of (Rüppell, 1828).

Introduction: The morphological characteristics of eyes in fishes are highly diverse and have evolved to meet the specific visual requirements as per their habitats. These morphological features of eyes are important for researchers and ecologists. The dusky spinefoot () is a tropical teleost fish with a laterally flattened body which lives in the Mediterranean Sea. Currently, there are no histological data relating to the eye.

Methods: In this study, the morphology of the eye was examined to enhance our understanding of its structure and its relationship to fish ecology. Detailed gross and microscopic features were recorded using light and scanning microscopy.

Results: The key observations describe the main structural features of the eye of , specifically, the diameter of the orbit, architecture of three tunics of eye and detailed lens description. The choroid was divided into four layers, and had a , consisting of numerous small blood vessels in the choroidal gland. The was observed, which is interesting since is herbivore and herbivores typically lack a .

Discussion: These observations shed new light on the intricate eye structure of and provide valuable insights into its visual abilities and adaptations to the aquatic environment and feeding behavior.