Identification and validation of reference genes for RT-qPCR analysis in (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae).

Gene expression studies in organisms are often conducted using reverse transcriptase-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and the accuracy of RT-qPCR results relies on the stability of reference genes. We examined ten candidate reference genes in , a parasitoid wasp that is a natural enemy of long-horned beetle pests in forestry, including and , regarding variable biotic and abiotic factors such as body part, life stage, hormone, diet, and temperature. Data were analysed using four dedicated algorithms (ΔCt, BestKeeper, NormFinder, and geNorm) and one comparative tool (RefFinder). Our results showed that the most stable reference genes were and regarding the body part, and regarding the diet, and regarding the hormone, and regarding the life stage, and and regarding temperature. To ascertain the applicability of specific reference genes, the expression level of the target gene () was estimated regarding the body part using the most stable reference genes, and , and the least stable one, . The highest expression level of was observed in the abdomen, and the validity of and was confirmed. This study provides, for the first time, an extensive list of reliable reference genes for molecular biology studies in .