Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@pubfacts.com&api_key=b8daa3ad693db53b1410957c26c9a51b4908&a=1): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 176
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 176
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 250
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3122
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 575
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 489
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Virulence factor genes (VFGs) pose a potential threat to ecological security and animal health, and have attracted increasing attention in the livestock industry. As one of the primary livestock types, dairy cattle may be an important source of VFG transmission. However, the distribution, transmission, and evolution of VFGs in the gastrointestinal tract and surrounding environment of dairy cattle remain unclear. In the present study, a total of 263 samples were collected from cows, calves, colostrum, farm wastewater, and soil. Metagenomics was conducted to analyze changes in the microbiome and VFGs characteristics in these ecological niches. The VFGs of the cows showed distinct differences between the rumen and feces, and were influenced by the region. The dominant VFG hosts was regulated by their microbial structure. Colostrum administration of cows increased VFG abundance in their newborn calf feces sharply and Enterobacteriaceae became the primary host. While diet was the primary driving force for the temporal variation in calf VFGs. For samples of the surrounding environment, water and soil had higher VFG concentrations and were more structurally stable. Moreover, extensive interactions between the mobile genetic elements and VFGs and gene mobile analysis map based on metagenomic binning both displayed the potential horizontal transfer ability of VFGs in the cows and environment. Our study revealed the prevalence, diffusion, and regulatory factors of VFGs in dairy cattle production systems, providing novel insights into reducing livestock VFGs and limiting their spread.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.136005 | DOI Listing |
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