Nanoemulsions have emerged as versatile colloidal dispersions with promising applications in various fields, including pharmaceuticals, food, and cosmetics. These nano-sized emulsions, stabilized by surfactants, offer unique advantages such as enhanced ingredient penetration efficacy and versatile dosage forms. This article provides an extensive overview of nanoemulsions, covering their composition, methods of preparation, and applications in drug delivery, the food industry, and cosmetics. Various high-energy and low-energy methods for nanoemulsion preparation are discussed, along with their advantages and limitations. Additionally, the article highlights the potential of nanoemulsions in improving drug bioavailability, stability, and therapeutic efficacy, especially in oral, topical, parenteral, intranasal, ocular, and pulmonary drug delivery. Furthermore, nanoemulsions are explored as carriers for encapsulating flavoring agents, nutraceuticals, and natural preservatives in the food industry, as well as their use in cosmetic formulations. Current clinical trials involving nanoemulsions and recent patents in the field are also summarized, providing insights into ongoing research and development efforts. Lastly, a selection of marketed nanoemulsion formulations is presented, showcasing their practical applications and commercial availability. Overall, nanoemulsions hold great promise as effective delivery systems with broad applications across various industries.
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