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The smoltification of farmed Atlantic salmon is commonly associated with mild immunosuppression. However, B cells may deviate from this trend, showing increased proliferation and migration during this period. This study assessed the effects of smoltification and adaptation to seawater in a controlled experiment. Analyses were conducted on the head kidney, spleen, gill, and both visceral and subcutaneous fat (VAT, SAT) across four time points: parr, early and complete smoltification, and twelve weeks post-seawater transfer. Gene expression analysis was performed to track the distribution and developmental changes in their B cells. Expression profiles of three types of immunoglobulins (), including membrane-bound and secreted forms of , as well as B cell-specific markers and , showed strong correlations and contrasted with profiles of other immune cell markers. The highest levels of expression were observed in the lymphatic tissue, followed by the VAT. Enhanced expression in the gill and adipose tissues of smolts suggested an increase in B cell populations. Parallel sequencing of the variable region of the IgM heavy chain was used to track B cell traffic, assessed by the co-occurrence of the most abundant sequences (clonotypes) across different tissues. Smoltification markedly enhanced traffic between all tissues, which returned to initial levels after twelve weeks in the sea. The preferred migration between the head kidney, spleen, and VAT supports the role of abdominal fat as a reservoir of lymphocytes. These findings are discussed in the context of recent studies that suggested the functional significance of B cell traffic in Atlantic salmon. Specifically, the migration of B cells expressing secreted immunoglobulins to virus-infected hearts has been identified as a key factor in the disease recovery and survival of fish challenged with salmon alphavirus (SAV); this process is accelerated by vaccination. Additionally, the study of melanized foci in the skeletal muscles revealed an association between antigen-dependent differentiation and the migration of B cells, indicating a transfer from local to systemic immune responses. Updating the antibody repertoire in the lymphatic and peripheral tissues of smolts may assist in their adaptation to the marine environment and in encountering new pathogens. Emerging evidence highlights B cell migration as an important and previously unrecognized immune mechanism in salmonids.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes15091220 | DOI Listing |
Virus Evol
November 2024
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Post box 5003, Ås 1432, Norway.
Over a decade since its discovery, piscine myocarditis virus (PMCV) remains a significant pathogen in Atlantic salmon aquaculture. Despite this significant impact, the genomic landscape, evolutionary dynamics, and virulence factors of PMCV are poorly understood. This study enhances the existing PMCV sequence dataset by adding 34 genome sequences and 202 new ORF3 sequences from clinical cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS) cases in Norwegian aquaculture.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnim Microbiome
December 2024
Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
Heterogeneity of the rearing environment in farmed animals can improve welfare and stocking success by enhancing natural behaviours, reducing stress, and decreasing pathogen occurrence. Although microbial diversity is often associated with well-being, their direct and indirect effects on health of farmed animals remain underexplored. We examined the impact of structural heterogeneity of aquaculture tanks on microbial communities in tank biofilm and fish gut microbiome.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAnim Microbiome
December 2024
Department of Paraclinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Ås, Norway.
Background: Antibiotic use has undesirable side-effects on the host, including perturbations of gut microbiota, immunity, and health. Mammalian studies have demonstrated that concomitant/post antibiotic use of pro-, pre-, and synbiotics could re-establish gut microbiota and prevent detrimental host effects. However, studies evaluating similar effects in fish are scanty.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Genomics
December 2024
The Huntsman Marine Science Centre, 1 Lower Campus Rd., St. Andrews, NB E5B 2L7, Canada.
Fatty acids are a requirement for normal development, however, since humans are unable to de novo produce essential fatty acids, they must be obtained from diet. Atlantic salmon is a major dietary source of nutritious and digestible fatty acids. Here, we set out to uncover the genomic basis of individual fatty acids and indices (saturated fatty acids, monounsaturated fatty acids, polyunsaturated fatty acids, n-3, and n-6) in 208 North American Atlantic salmon, to understand selection potential toward increasing relative quantities of essential fatty acids and to identify candidate genes for future research.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Genomics
December 2024
Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling, Scotland, UK.
Background: The salmon louse (Lepeophtheirus salmonis) is a parasite of wild and farmed salmonid fish, causing huge economic damage to the commercial farming of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) in the northern hemisphere. The avermectin emamectin benzoate (EMB) is widely used for salmon delousing. While resistance to EMB is widespread in Atlantic populations of L.
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