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Cardiovascular adaptations and pathological changes induced by spaceflight: from cellular mechanisms to organ-level impacts. | LitMetric

Cardiovascular adaptations and pathological changes induced by spaceflight: from cellular mechanisms to organ-level impacts.

Mil Med Res

Beijing Key Laboratory of Preclinical Research and Evaluation for Cardiovascular Implant Materials, Animal Experimental Centre, National Centre for Cardiovascular Disease; Department of Cardiac Surgery, Fuwai Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100037, China.

Published: September 2024

The advancement in extraterrestrial exploration has highlighted the crucial need for studying how the human cardiovascular system adapts to space conditions. Human development occurs under the influence of gravity, shielded from space radiation by Earth's magnetic field, and within an environment characterized by 24-hour day-night cycles resulting from Earth's rotation, thus deviating from these conditions necessitates adaptive responses for survival. With upcoming manned lunar and Martian missions approaching rapidly, it is essential to understand the impact of various stressors induced by outer-space environments on cardiovascular health. This comprehensive review integrates insights from both actual space missions and simulated experiments on Earth, to analyze how microgravity, space radiation, and disrupted circadian affect cardiovascular well-being. Prolonged exposure to microgravity induces myocardial atrophy and endothelial dysfunction, which may be exacerbated by space radiation. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress emerge as key underlying mechanisms along with disturbances in ion channel perturbations, cytoskeletal damage, and myofibril changes. Disruptions in circadian rhythms caused by factors such as microgravity, light exposure, and irregular work schedules, could further exacerbate cardiovascular issues. However, current research tends to predominantly focus on disruptions in the core clock gene, overlooking the multifactorial nature of circadian rhythm disturbances in space. Future space missions should prioritize targeted prevention strategies and early detection methods for identifying cardiovascular risks, to preserve astronaut health and ensure mission success.

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Source
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11429428PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/s40779-024-00570-3DOI Listing

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