Batch and column studies for the removal of basic red-46 dye and textile by using magnesium oxide (MgO), strontium titanium trioxide (SrTiO), cobalt- and iron-doped lanthanum chromium trioxide (Co.Fe.LaCrO), and cadmium sulfide (CdS)-doped graphene oxide nanocomposites.

Despite efforts to reduce the risk of toxic chemicals, colors, and dyes being released into the environment from urban and industrial areas, there is still cause for concern. Colored water must be filtered and sterilized before it can be used for irrigation. The utilization of metal oxide and nanocomposite materials in wastewater treatment procedures appears to be a viable option for the future. Therefore, different compounds were doped with graphene oxide to identify the best material for dye removal by the adsorption process. According to recent studies, the ideal conditions for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) are as follows: pH 10 showed the highest adsorption capacity (qe) at 49.4 mg/g; an adsorbent dosage of 0.01 g/50 mL showed 48.3 mg/g qe; a shaking time of 30 min resulted in 44.2 mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L yielded 53.6 mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35 °C gave 49.5 mg/g qe. For graphene oxide-doped strontium titanate (GO/SrTiO), the optimum conditions were as follows: pH 10 with 45.8 mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01 g/50 mL with 40.5 mg/g qe; a shaking time of 30 min with 75 mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35 °C with 44.7 mg/g qe. Graphene oxide-doped cobalt and iron-doped lanthanum chromium titanate (GO/Co.Fe.LaCrO) showed optimum conditions of pH 9 with 34.2 mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01 g/50 mL with 27.5 mg/g qe; a shaking time of 45 min with 33.2 mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 100 mg/L with 37.6 mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35 °C with 42.5 mg/g qe. Graphene oxide-doped cadmium sulfide (GO/CdS) showed the following optimum conditions: pH 8 with 23.1 mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01 g/50 mL with 25.5 mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 75 mg/L with 28.3 mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35 °C with 33.5 mg/g qe. The pseudo-first-order model was the best fit only for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) with an R value of 0.966, while the pseudo-second-order adsorption isotherm was the best fit for all four products, with R values ranging from 0.991 to 0.998. Additionally, the Langmuir adsorption isotherms provided good results for all four products, with R values ranging from 0.957 to 0.985. The Freundlich adsorption kinetics showed satisfactory fit only for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) and graphene oxide-doped cadmium sulfide (GO/CdS), with R values of 0.951 and 0.982, respectively. To examine the characteristics and practicality of the adsorption process, certain thermodynamic variables were calculated. The adsorption capability of the most efficient nanocomposites for the degradation of basic red-46 was significantly affected by various concentrations of heavy metal ions and electrolytes. In dye solutions containing surfactants/detergents, the adsorption efficiency of several effective photocatalysts for basic dyes was significantly reduced. A 0.5 M HCl solution was found to be the most effective for desorption. In column investigations, the optimal bed height, flow velocity, and dye intake levels were determined to be 3 cm, 1.8 mL/min, and 70 mg/L, respectively, for maximal adsorption of basic red-46. The adsorption investigation of genuine textile waste products has also been carried out to facilitate the practical deployment of this approach. The methods used in this study were cost-effective, easy to handle, and eco-friendly and involved no hazardous materials in the synthesis, making the resulting materials non-hazardous. All these methods were part of green chemistry.