The Registration, Evaluation, Authorization, and Restriction of Chemicals (REACH) legislation in Europe has limited the use of certain materials in the manufacturing of tattoo inks; in particular, Pigment Blue 15:3 and Pigment Green 7 have been banned for the use in tattoo inks and permanent makeups and all labels must include an accurate list of ingredients. This study analyzed green and blue inks from five different manufacturers distributed to the European market, all of which claim to be REACH compliant. Nine out of ten inks analyzed were found to not be compliant and four contained banned material. The polymorph of Pigment Blue 15 found in four inks was unable to be determined. The majority of inks showed labeling inaccuracies, including the addition of unlisted poly(ethylene glycol) and propylene glycol. This study highlights issues around REACH compliance of tattoo inks on the European market and the need for manufacturing protocols to ensure accurate labeling.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d4an00793j | DOI Listing |
AJR Am J Roentgenol
December 2024
The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins Medicine, Baltimore, MD.
Arh Hig Rada Toksikol
December 2024
1University of Zagreb Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Haematology, Zagreb, Croatia.
Tattooing has become a popular global trend in industrialised countries, with the highest prevalence rates of up to 30-40 % in the adult population younger than 40 years. Common tattoo inks may contain heavy metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and primary aromatic amines, toxic if exceeding permissible limits. It is estimated that about 14.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFMolecules
November 2024
Department of Biosciences and Territory, University of Molise, c.da Fonte Lappone snc, 86090 Pesche, Italy.
Tattoos have been a ubiquitous phenomenon throughout history. Now, the demand for tattoo removal for aesthetic or practical reasons is growing rapidly. This study outlines the results of field investigations into the chemical and biological removal of tattoo inks (Hexadecachlorinate copper phthalocyanine-CClCuN-CAS no° 1328-53-6).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFLancet Microbe
November 2024
Division of Microbiology, National Center for Toxicological Research, US Food and Drug Administration, Jefferson, AR, USA. Electronic address:
Despite increased awareness and public health initiatives, the incidence of microbial infections related to tattoos has increased since 2000. Building on the first paper in this two-part Series, which detailed the microbiological aspects of tattoo-related infections over the past two centuries from 1820 to 2023, this second paper describes the patterns, causes, and other related epidemiological factors of these infections. Since 2000, bacterial outbreaks, particularly those caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria, have increased, prompting a re-evaluation of tattoos as a serious public health risk.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAsia Pac Allergy
December 2024
Immunoallergology Department, Unidade Local de Saúde da Arrábida, Setúbal, Portugal.
A 43-year-old male presented with pruritic nodular lesions in the red dye area of his leg tattoo, which developed 4 weeks after its application. Patch tests were performed using a standard series, and the inks used by the tattooist were tested semi-open. Tests identified a sensitization to 2 inks containing an azo-organic dye (Pigment Red 170), diketopyrrolopyrrole (Pigment Red 254), and copper phthalocyanine (Pigment Blue 15).
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