Inguinal hernias in children: Update on management guidelines.

Inguinal hernia repair is one of the most performed procedures in children, but aspects of care remain controversial. The aim of this review was to provide a critical appraisal of recently published guidelines on the management of inguinal hernias in children, by the American Academy of Pediatrics (2023) and the European Pediatric Surgeons' Association Evidence and Guideline Committee (2022). This was achieved by delineating areas of controversy and reviewing the most relevant recent literature on these topics. Currently available moderate-to-low quality evidence recommends postponing hernia repair in premature infants until after discharge, to reduce the risk of respiratory difficulties and recurrence. Laparoscopic repair provides similar outcomes to open but may shorten operative time in bilateral cases. No clear recommendation can be made for contralateral exploration, therefore should be evaluated case by case. In preterm infants, consideration of regional anaesthesia may reduce post-operative apnoea and pain, with no difference in neurodevelopment outcomes.