Investigating the effects of thermal processing on bitter substances in atemoya ( × ) through sensory-guided separation.

Atemoya () is a specialty crop in Taiwan. Thermal treatment induces bitterness, complicating seasonal production adjustments and surplus reduction. In this research, sensory-guided separation, metabolomics, and orthogonal partial least squares discrimination analysis (OPLS-DA) are used for identifying the bitterness in atemoya which originates from catechins, epicatechin trimers, and proanthocyanidins. Different thermal treatments (65 °C, 75 °C, and 85 °C) revealed that the glucose and fructose contents in atemoya significantly decreased, while total phenols, flavonoids, and tannins significantly increased. The concentration of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF) increased from 23.16 ng/g in untreated samples to 400.71 ng/g (AP-65), 1208.59 ng/g (AP-75), and 2838.51 ng/g (AP-85). However, these levels are below the 5-HMF bitterness threshold of 3780 ng/g. Combining mass spectrometry analysis with sensory evaluation, OPLS-DA revealed that atemoya treated at 65 °C, 75 °C, and 85 °C exhibited significant bitterness, with the main bitter components being proanthocyanidin dimers and trimers.