Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 994
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3134
Function: GetPubMedArticleOutput_2016
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Objectives: To update the current evidence on the malignant transformation of oral leukoplakia (OL), including all studies published worldwide on the subject, selected with the maximum rigor regarding eligibility.
Materials And Methods: MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus were searched for studies published before June-2024, with no lower date limit. The risk of bias was analyzed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tool for meta-analyses of proportions. We carried out meta-analyses, explored heterogeneity across subgroups and identified risk factors with potential prognostic value.
Results: Fifty-five studies (41,231 with OL) were included. The pooled malignant transformation proportion for OL was 6.64% (95% CI = 5.21-8.21). The malignant transformation did not significantly vary by time periods (p = 0.75), 5.35% prior to 1978, 7.06% from 1979 to 2007 and 6.97% during more recent times. The risk factors that significantly had a higher impact on malignant transformation were the non-homogeneous leukoplakias (RR = 4.23, 95% CI = 3.31-5.39, p < 0.001), the larger size (RR = 2.08, 1.45-2.96, p < 0.001), leukoplakia located on the lateral border of tongue (malignant transformation = 12.71%; RR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.48-2.95, p < 0.001), smoking (RR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.25-2.15, p < 0.001), and the presence of epithelial dysplasia (RR = 2.75, 95% CI = 2.26-3.35, p < 0.001).
Conclusions: OL presents a considerable malignant transformation probability that is especially increased in large non-homogeneous lesions in smokers, located on the lateral border of the tongue, with epithelial dysplasia.
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Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/odi.15140 | DOI Listing |
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