Healthcare worker attitudes on routine non-urological preoperative urine cultures: a qualitative assessment.

Objective: Many preoperative urine cultures are of low value and may even lead to patient harms. This study sought to understand practices around ordering preoperative urine cultures and prescribing antibiotic treatment.

Design: Open-ended, semi-structured qualitative interviews.

Setting: 5 Veterans Affairs hospitals.

Participants: Interviews with 14 surgeons (9 surgeons, 5 surgical leaders), 7 infectious disease physicians, 8 surgical advanced practice providers (APPs), 1 surgical nurse manager, 3 infectious disease pharmacists, 1 hospitalist, and 1 lab manager.

Methods: We interviewed participants using a qualitative semi-structured interview guide. Collected data was coded inductively and with the Dual Process Model (DPM) using MAXQDA software. Data in the "Testing Decision-Making" code was further reviewed using the concept of perceived risk as a sensitizing concept.

Results: We identified themes relating to surgeons' concerns about de-implementing preoperative urine cultures to detect asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in patients undergoing non-urological procedures: (1) anxiety and uncertainty surrounding missing infection signs spanned surgical specialties, (2) there were perceived risks of negative consequences associated with omitting urine cultures and treatment prior to specific procedure sites and types, and additionally, (3) participants suggested potential routes for adjusting these perceived risks to facilitate de-implementation acceptance. Notably, participants suggested that leadership support and peer engagement could help improve surgeon buy-in.

Conclusions: Concerns about perceived risks sometimes outweigh the evidence against routine preoperative urine cultures to detect ASB. Evidence from trusted peers may improve openness to de-implementing preoperative urine cultures.