The Impact of Cybersecurity Attacks on Human Trust in Autonomous Vehicle Operations.

Objective: This study examines the extent to which cybersecurity attacks on autonomous vehicles (AVs) affect human trust dynamics and driver behavior.

Background: Human trust is critical for the adoption and continued use of AVs. A pressing concern in this context is the persistent threat of cyberattacks, which pose a formidable threat to the secure operations of AVs and consequently, human trust.

Method: A driving simulator experiment was conducted with 40 participants who were randomly assigned to one of two groups: (1) Experience and Feedback and (2) Experience-Only. All participants experienced three drives: Baseline, Attack, and Post-Attack Drive. The Attack Drive prevented participants from properly operating the vehicle in multiple incidences. Only the "Experience and Feedback" group received a security update in the Post-Attack drive, which was related to the mitigation of the vehicle's vulnerability. Trust and foot positions were recorded for each drive.

Results: Findings suggest that attacks on AVs significantly degrade human trust, and remains degraded even after an error-less drive. Providing an update about the mitigation of the vulnerability did not significantly affect trust repair.

Conclusion: Trust toward AVs should be analyzed as an emergent and dynamic construct that requires autonomous systems capable of calibrating trust after malicious attacks through appropriate experience and interaction design.

Application: The results of this study can be applied when building driver and situation-adaptive AI systems within AVs.