Study Design: Retrospective study.
Objective: The objective of this study is to investigate the association of waterpipe smoking with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration (IVDD).
Methods: This is a retrospective chart review study. A total of 286 adults who underwent a lumbar magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) at a tertiary medical center were included and divided into three groups. Group 1 (n = 125) included non-smokers, group 2 (n = 80) smoked cigarettes only, and group 3 (n = 81) smoked waterpipe only. The intervertebral discs were graded using the Pfirmann disc degeneration grading system.
Results: The study showed higher lumbar disc degeneration scores for waterpipe and cigarette smokers compared to non-smokers at all spinal levels. Specifically, post hoc analysis showed that there was a significant difference at L1-L2 between cigarette smokers and non-smokers ( = 0.007) and between waterpipe smokers and non-smokers ( = 0.013), and a significant difference at L3-L4 and L4-L5 between non-smokers and cigarettes smokers ( < .001 and = .029 respectively).
Conclusion: Waterpipe smoking is associated with lumbar intervertebral disc degeneration.
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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11559799 | PMC |
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/21925682241286451 | DOI Listing |
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