Challenges and opportunities for large-scale applications of the electro-Fenton process.

As an electrochemical advanced oxidation process, the electro-Fenton (EF) process has gained significant importance in the treatment of wastewater and persistent organic pollutants in recent years. As recently reported in a bibliometric analysis, the number of scientific publications on EF have increased exponentially since 2002, reaching nearly 500 articles published in 2022 (Deng et al., 2022). The influence of the main operating parameters has been thoroughly investigated for optimization purposes, such as type of electrode materials, reactor design, current density, and type and concentration of catalyst. Even though most of the studies have been conducted at a laboratory scale, focusing on fundamental aspects and their applications to degrade specific pollutants and treat real wastewater, important large-scale attempts have also been made. This review presents and discusses the most recent advances of the EF process with special emphasis on the aspects more closely related to future implementations at the large scale, such as applications to treat real effluents (industrial and municipal wastewaters) and soil remediation, development of large-scale reactors, costs and effectiveness evaluation, and life cycle assessment. Opportunities and perspectives related to the heterogeneous EF process for real applications are also discussed. This review article aims to be a critical and exhaustive overview of the most recent developments for large-scale applications, which seeks to arouse the interest of a large scientific community and boost the development of EF systems in real environments.