The role of non-HLA antibodies in hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) and acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) is not established. Serum samples collected from 58 adult patients before and after HSCT were examined for non-HLA antibodies. Following HSCT, 47 out of 58 patients (81.0 %) had various antibody patterns, with 23 of them (39.7 %) producing denovo antibodies. The most prevalent antibodies were directed against granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). The Fisher exact test revealed a statistically significant correlation between the incidence of acute graft-versus-host disease and denovo production of GM-CSF antibodies in patients fully HLA-matched with their donors (p = 0.001). There were no cases of denovo GM-CSF antibody production seen in non-permissively HLA-mismatched patients. Consequently, we hypothesize that the development of aGVHD after HLA-matched HSCT may differ from that following HLA-mismatched HSCT.
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