Characterization of Plant-Based Meat Treated with Hot Air and Microwave Heating.

Plant-based meat is growing globally due to health, environmental, and animal welfare concerns, though there is a need for quality improvements. This study assessed how different ratios of wheat gluten (WG) to soy protein isolate (SPI) and various baking methods-hot air (HA), microwave (MW), and a combination of both (HA-MW)-affect the physicochemical properties of plant-based meat. Increasing the SPI from 0% to 40% significantly enhanced lightness, hardness, chewiness, water-holding capacity, moisture content, and lysine (an essential amino acid) ( ≤ 0.05). Hardness and chewiness ranged from 4.23 ± 1.19 N to 25.90 ± 2.90 N and 3.44 ± 0.94 N to 18.71 ± 1.85 N, respectively. Baking methods did not affect amino acid profiles. Compared to HA baking, MW and HA-MW baking increased lysine content (561.58-1132.50 mg/100 g and 544.85-1088.50 mg/100 g, respectively) while reducing fat and carbohydrates. These findings suggest that a 40% SPI and 60% WG ratio with microwave baking (360 W for 1 min) optimizes plant-based meat, offering benefits to both consumers and the food industry in terms of health and sustainability.