Swine in vitro embryo production: Potential, challenges, and advances.

Pig production, a vital sector of the meat industry, faces demands for improved quality, efficiency, and sustainability. Advancements in breeding, disease control, and artificial insemination have enhanced production, while biotechnologies such as in vitro embryo production (IVP) and genetic engineering offer further progress. In vitro embryo production could facilitate the global exchange of valuable genetic material, accelerate breeding programs, and improve productivity, and it is essential for generating genetically modified (GM) pigs. These GM pigs have two main applications: first, they allow for targeted modifications aimed at improving production traits relevant to pig production in agriculture, such as meat quality and disease resistance. Second, they serve as valuable biomedical models for human disease research, regenerative medicine, and organ transplantation. Yet, despite notable advancements in recent decades, the efficiency of the current IVP systems for porcine embryos remains a challenge. Compared to the in vivo environment, suboptimal culture conditions lead to issues such as elevated polyspermy, poor embryo development, and the production of low-quality blastocysts. This review provides an overview of the key steps and recent advancements in porcine IVP technology. We will emphasize the promising utilization of oocytes from live females of high genetic value through ovum pick-up and the incorporation of extracellular vesicles and cytokines into IVP media. These innovative strategies hold immense potential to significantly enhance embryo development and overall success rates in porcine IVP, and could open the door for significant progress in both agriculture and biomedicine applications.