Positive masculinity programmes and attitudes towards nonconforming gender identities among young males in urban Democratic Republic of Congo, Nigeria, and Rwanda.

Implementing programmes on sexual and reproductive health and rights (SRHR) in sub-Saharan Africa often involves promoting inclusive sexual identity/orientation. However, whether and how the programmes are changing gender norms in the target populations have not been established. This study was designed to determine whether participation in Positive Masculinity (PM) programmes can change attitudes associated with prevailing gender norms. We explored attitudes towards nonconforming sexual identity/orientation among young males in selected informal settlements in Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Nigeria and Rwanda. The key variables we tested included "country of participation" and other socio-demographics such as "education", "marital status" and "prior residential location" (rural or urban). We found no significant association between participation in PM programmes with attitudes towards nonconforming sexual identities/orientations across our target populations irrespective of educational qualification, marital status, and previous location of residence. By contrast, religious teachings showed up in the qualitative responses as a significant factor influencing young people's resistance to PM programmes' advocating for inclusive sexuality. Additionally, negative masculinity attributes had significant negative association with attitudes towards nonconforming sexual identity, while respondents with violent tendencies showed significant positive attitudes. We conclude that current PM interventions do not significantly contribute to positive attitudes towards inclusive sexuality in DRC, Nigeria, and Rwanda.