Effect of smoking on the recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer.

Background: It is well established that smoking is the most significant risk factor for bladder cancer, yet the impact of smoking on the recurrence and progression of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) remains a contentious issue.

Objective: To review all relevant literature published to date, providing a comprehensive assessment of the effects of smoking on the recurrence and progression of NMIBC, thereby offering a basis for smoking cessation management in NMIBC patients.

Methods: A search was conducted for all relevant literature published up to April 2024 in PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases. The existing literature results and deficiencies were analyzed, and the gaps in understanding between different studies were highlighted, with recommendations for future research.

Results: A total of 24 studies were included in this work. Among them, 14 studies suggested that smoking promotes the recurrence and progression of NMIBC, while another 10 studies concluded that smoking has no effect on the recurrence and progression of NMIBC patients.

Conclusions: Our research indicates that smoking increases the risk of recurrence and progression in NMIBC patients, and quitting smoking can improve health-related quality of life. High-quality, large-sample prospective cohort studies (or randomized controlled studies) are still needed in the future.