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This study investigated the middle cerebral artery blood velocity (MCAv) response to constant work-rate moderate-intensity cycling exercise in 21 children (9.3 ± 0.8 yr), 17 adolescents (12.3 ± 0.4 yr), and 20 young adults (23.6 ± 2.4 yr). Participants completed an incremental ramp test to exhaustion on a cycle ergometer to determine maximal oxygen uptake and gas exchange threshold (GET) before completing three 6-min transitions at a moderate intensity (90% GET) on separate visits. On each visit, bilateral MCAv was measured by transcranial Doppler ultrasonography and breath-by-breath end-tidal carbon dioxide ([Formula: see text]) via a metabolic cart. Data were ensemble-averaged for each participant and analyzed using a monoexponential model. Absolute MCAv was significantly higher throughout exercise in children and adolescents compared with adults ( < 0.001). Children had a significantly lower relative increase in MCAv from baseline (∼12%) compared with adolescents (∼20%) and adults (∼18%, < 0.040). All adolescents and adults had a monoexponential rise in MCAv and [Formula: see text], but this was observed in only eight children. Children and adolescents had a significantly faster MCAv time constant (τ, 12 ± 6 and 14 ± 8 s, respectively) compared with adults (27 ± 9 s, < 0.001). MCAv τ was positively associated with faster [Formula: see text] τ in adolescents ( = 0.70, = 0.002) but not in children ( = -0.20, = 0.640). Time- and amplitude-based response parameters of MCAv kinetics were significantly associated with [Formula: see text] kinetics in adults ( = 0.50-0.74, ≤ 0.025), but not in children ( = -0.19 to -0.48, > 0.227). These findings suggest that the transition from childhood to adulthood impacts the MCAv response to exercise and the relationships between [Formula: see text] and MCAv kinetics during exercise. This is the first study to find that children have smaller increases in Δ%MCAv (∼12%) during moderate-intensity exercise compared with adolescents and adults (∼18%-20%). Furthermore, MCAv kinetics were significantly faster in children and adolescents, compared with adults. MCAv kinetic responses were significantly and positively associated with [Formula: see text] kinetics in adults, but not in children. These novel data also suggest that the regulatory role of [Formula: see text] on MCAv during exercise begins to strengthen during adolescence.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1152/japplphysiol.00688.2023 | DOI Listing |
Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci
December 2024
Max-Planck-Institut für die Physik des Lichts, Erlangen 91058, Germany.
We derive a compact expression for the second-order correlation function [Formula: see text] of a quantum state in terms of its Wigner function, thereby establishing a direct link between [Formula: see text] and the state's shape in phase space. We conduct an experiment that simultaneously measures [Formula: see text] through direct photocounting and reconstructs the Wigner function via homodyne tomography. The results confirm our theoretical predictions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
Information Technology Department, Faculty of Computers and Information, Mansoura University, Mansoura, 35516, Egypt.
The rice plant is one of the most significant crops in the world, and it suffers from various diseases. The traditional methods for rice disease detection are complex and time-consuming, mainly depending on the expert's experience. The explosive growth in image processing, computer vision, and deep learning techniques provides effective and innovative agriculture solutions for automatically detecting and classifying these diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
Department of Physics, College of Science and Humanities, Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, 11942, Saudi Arabia.
This manuscript explores the stability theory of several stochastic/random models. It delves into analyzing the stability of equilibrium states in systems influenced by standard Brownian motion and exhibit random variable coefficients. By constructing appropriate Lyapunov functions, various types of stability are identified, each associated with distinct stability conditions.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFProc Natl Acad Sci U S A
January 2025
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.
Job loss is a common and disruptive life event. It is known to have numerous long-term negative effects on financial, health, and social outcomes. While the negative effects of becoming unemployed on health and well-being are well understood, the influence of job loss on financial decisions has received little attention.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFCogn Neurodyn
December 2024
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2AZ UK.
RMSProp is one of the most popular stochastic optimization algorithms in deep learning applications. However, recent work has pointed out that this method may not converge to the optimal solution even in simple convex settings. To this end, we propose a time-varying version of RMSProp to fix the non-convergence issues.
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