Severity: Warning
Message: file_get_contents(https://...@gmail.com&api_key=61f08fa0b96a73de8c900d749fcb997acc09): Failed to open stream: HTTP request failed! HTTP/1.1 429 Too Many Requests
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 143
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 143
Function: file_get_contents
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 209
Function: simplexml_load_file_from_url
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3098
Function: getPubMedXML
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Severity: Warning
Message: Attempt to read property "Count" on bool
Filename: helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line Number: 3100
Backtrace:
File: /var/www/html/application/helpers/my_audit_helper.php
Line: 3100
Function: _error_handler
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 574
Function: pubMedSearch_Global
File: /var/www/html/application/controllers/Detail.php
Line: 488
Function: pubMedGetRelatedKeyword
File: /var/www/html/index.php
Line: 316
Function: require_once
Phage therapy has attracted attention again owing to the increasing number of drug-resistant bacteria. Although the efficacy of phage therapy has been reported, numerous studies have indicated that the generation of phage-specific antibodies resulting from phage administration might have an impact on clinical outcomes. Phage-specific antibodies promote phage uptake by macrophages and contribute to their rapid clearance from the body. In addition, phage-specific neutralizing antibodies bind to the phages and diminish their antibacterial activity. Thus, phage-specific antibody production and its role in phage therapy have been analyzed both in vitro and in vivo. Strategies for prolonging the blood circulation time of phages have also been investigated. However, despite these efforts, the results of clinical trials are still inconsistent, and a consensus on whether phage-specific antibodies influence clinical outcomes has not yet been reached. In this review, we summarize the phage-specific antibody production during phage therapy. In addition, we introduce recently performed clinical trials and discuss whether phage-specific antibodies affect clinical outcomes and what we can do to further improve phage therapy regimens.
Download full-text PDF |
Source |
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/EBC20240024 | DOI Listing |
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11652166 | PMC |
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