Play behavior has been extensively studied across species, but its direct role in social relationships remains unclear. Here we use an "isolation versus separation" protocol to identify behaviors associated with relationship renewal in adolescent female rats. Members of a dyad that had been separated for 24 hr, without isolation from other peers, initially increased investigative behaviors relative to nonseparated peers; however, in contrast with social isolation, separation by itself did not increase rough-and-tumble play. The data suggest that increased play following isolation depends on general motivations, rather than a "peer-specific" drive to renew relationships with an individual. This is consistent with a role of play in more general social learning rather than reestablishing bonds or expectations. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).
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Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A
January 2025
Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, IN 47405.
Transgenic expression of a double-stranded RNA in plants can induce silencing of homologous mRNAs in fungal pathogens. Although such host-induced gene silencing is well documented, the molecular mechanisms by which RNAs can move from the cytoplasm of plant cells across the plasma membrane of both the host cell and fungal cell are poorly understood. Indirect evidence suggests that this RNA transfer may occur at a very early stage of the infection process, prior to breach of the host cell wall, suggesting that silencing RNAs might be secreted onto leaf surfaces.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFEpilepsia
January 2025
Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada.
Objective: Somatic variants causing epilepsy are challenging to detect, as they are only present in a subset of brain cells (e.g., mosaic), resulting in low variant allele frequencies.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlzheimers Dement
December 2024
University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
Background: The infectious hypothesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) suggests that microbes may play a role in pathogenesis by triggering the pathologic cascade or contributing to disease progression. Herpesviruses, such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), have been of high interest in AD and related neurodegenerative diseases, in part due to their ability to establish lifelong latent infection and potentially reactivate. However, further research is needed to fully understand the role of herpesviruses in these diseases.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlzheimers Dement
December 2024
Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
Background: In Alzheimer's disease (AD), the spread of Tau proteopathic seeds across the cerebral cortex parallels the disease progression. Previously, it was shown that isolating high-molecular-weight (HMW) Tau species via size exclusion chromatography (SEC) from human brain lysate of AD patients resulted in the enrichment of Tau aggregation-prone species. However, whether the HMW Tau population contain a homogenous or heterogeneous mixture of Tau species is still unknown.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFAlzheimers Dement
December 2024
Department of Neurology, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA.
Background: Lipid dysregulation is a known feature of Alzheimer's Disease. Importantly, alterations in lipids pathways affect immune responses in cells like microglia, which have been shown to accumulate cholesterol in both aging and neurodegeneration. Recently, the presence of TDP-43 inclusions has been linked to increased severity of cognitive impairment in AD patients.
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