Easily injectable gelatin-nonanal hydrogel for endoscopic resectioning of gastrointestinal polyps.

The use of submucosal injection is crucial for satisfactory submucosal elevation in the early resection of flat polyps originating from the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Injectable hydrogels derived from natural polypeptides are attractive candidates due to their excellent biocompatibility and easy gelation properties. However, most of the reported hydrogels are not the class of catheter delivery materials due to quick gelation, high inherent viscosity, and injection clogging. This study presents a novel injectable shear-thinning hydrogel platform of small molecules (nonanal) modified gelatin polymer, which offers a promising submucosal injection for effective removal of polyps from GIT. Physicochemical characterizations of hydrogel demonstrate the suitable features as an effective submucosal injection, including shear thinning property, self-assembly, methylene blue dye encapsulation, flow behavior, stability, syringeability (18 G, 21 G, and 24 G needles) and fibrous morphology. Ex vivo investigations of developed submucosal formulation on goat intestines demonstrate the enhanced visibility of cushions and the ability to produce stable, long-lasting cushions of about 8.07 mm up to ∼60 min of submucosal injection. The rapid blood clotting behavior of hydrogel was observed in about 120 s without compromising hemocompatibility with the hemolysis of about 3.77 % only. In vitro biocompatibility of the hydrogel was also verified using the HepG2 and nHDF cells. In vivo study depicts desirable biocompatibility, a non-toxic organ profile, and optimal cushion height in mice models. Studies established the foundation of novel submucosal fluid to improve the therapeutic outcomes of early resection for gastrointestinal polyps.