Efficient Pb(II) removal from contaminated soils by recyclable, robust lignosulfonate/polyacrylamide double-network hydrogels embedded with FeO via one-pot synthesis.

Soil heavy metal removal strategies are increasingly valued for effectively reducing contamination and preventing secondary pollution. In this work, a double network hydrogel (FeO@LH), consisting of lignosulfonate (LS) and polyacrylamide with embedded FeO nanoparticles, was synthesized successfully via a one-pot method and subsequently applied to adsorb lead (Pb) from contaminated soil. Incorporating FeO into the hydrogel enhances the adsorption capacity of FeO@LH for Pb(II). The FeO@LH hydrogel demonstrates a maximum Pb(II) adsorption capacity of 143.11 mg g, with Pb(II) removal mechanisms involving electrostatic adsorption, cation exchange, precipitation reactions, and the formation of coordination complexes, achieving a 22.3 % maximum removal efficiency in soil cultivation experiments. Additionally, the application of FeO@LH markedly reduces the concentrations of cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) in the soil, meanwhile enhances the levels of total nitrogen (TN), soil organic matter (SOM), and cation exchange capacity (CEC) by 23.1 %, 10.6 %, and 16.9 %, respectively. Following 90 days of continuous application in the soil, the recovery rate of FeO@LH remains above 75 %. The toxicity assay using zebrafish larvae indicates that FeO@LH demonstrates good biosafety. This study demonstrates the considerable potential of FeO@LH hydrogel for practical application in reducing Pb(II) levels in contaminated soil.