Elton's biotic resistance hypothesis posits that species-rich communities are more resistant to invasion. However, it remains unknown how species, phylogenetic and functional richness, along with environmental and human-impact factors, collectively affect plant invasion as alien species progress along the introduction-naturalization-invasion continuum. Using data from 12,056 local plant communities of the Czech Republic, this study reveals varying effects of these factors on the presence and richness of alien species at different invasion stages, highlighting the complexity of the invasion process. Specifically, we demonstrate that although species richness and functional richness of resident communities had mostly negative effects on alien species presence and richness, the strength and sometimes also direction of these effects varied along the continuum. Our study not only underscores that evidence for or against Elton's biotic resistance hypothesis may be stage-dependent but also suggests that other invasion hypotheses should be carefully revisited given their potential stage-dependent nature.
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Article Synopsis
- Elton's biotic resistance hypothesis suggests that communities with high species diversity are better at resisting invasive species, and this has been backed by numerous experiments.
- A 4-year grassland study using common ragweed showed that higher resident species diversity consistently led to lower invasibility, regardless of nitrogen availability.
- The research highlights that factors like increased biomass, greater trait dissimilarity among species, and the presence of resource-conservative traits contribute to this resistance, underscoring the importance of functional traits in understanding biological invasions, especially in changing environments.
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