Objective: Vocal damping has been historically described as a distinctive phonatory glottic behavior where the posterior part of the vocal folds is strongly adducted and vibration occurs in the anterior part. The aim of the present descriptive study is to analyze anterior glottis phonation patterns in professional singers through a multidimensional approach, in order to better understand the physiological underpinnings of vocal damping and their relation to glottic vibratory mechanisms.
Methods: Ten professional singers (five males and five females) with no vocal complaints were recruited. Each subject was asked to produce ascending and descending glissandos in a spontaneous way; sustained vowels and little sung fragments in vocal fry, chest voice, falsetto, and whistle register. Each singer was asked to produce - where possible - damping sounds. A multidimensional investigation including acoustic analysis, electroglottography, and videolaryngostroboscopy was carried out.
Results: Among the enrolled singers, nine out of 10 successfully produced vocalizations with a typical anterior-vibrating glottic pattern indicative of damping. All nine singers achieved a damping glottic configuration when vocalizing in the falsetto register and five were consciously able to switch between a full-glottic falsetto and a damping falsetto upon request. Three male and two female singers were able to produce a damping glottic configuration while emitting whistle notes. Three male singers demonstrated damping glottic configurations when producing high pitched chest notes.
Conclusions: In conclusion, it is possible to state that damping is an existing and documentable glottic behavior, with a wide range of manifestations across vocal registers. The present preliminary study describes damping in the domains of chest voice, falsetto, and whistle register. A proper damping phenomenon, defined as the modification of the glottic vibratory boundaries according to pitch variations, is described for M2 emissions, both in male and female larynx. The analysis of passaggio patterns allows to describe damping-M2 as a possible vibratory submechanism.
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