A versatile system for the growth of porphyrin films via electrospray and molecular sublimation in vacuum and their multi-technique characterization.

We present a system for the growth of molecular films in vacuum that exhibits high versatility with respect to the choice of molecular species. These can be either evaporated from powders or injected from solutions using an electrospray system, making it possible to handle particularly large and/or fragile molecules in a controlled environment. The apparatus is equipped with a reflectance anisotropy spectroscopy system for the in situ characterization of the optical response of the films and can be directly connected to a photoelectron spectrometer without breaking the vacuum. The system is conceived for the study and characterization of porphyrin films. Here, to showcase the range of possible analyses allowed by the experimental setup and test the operation of the system, novel results are provided on electrospray deposition on highly oriented pyrolytic graphite of Zn tetraphenyl porphyrins and Zn proto porphyrins, the latter featuring fragile side groups that make deposition from solution more attractive. In situ characterization is complemented by ex situ atomic force microscopy. Thanks to this multi-technique approach, changes in the film morphology and spectroscopic response are detected and directly related to the choice of the molecular moiety and growth method.