Impact of native vegetation and soil moisture dynamics on evapotranspiration in green roof systems.

Evapotranspiration (ET) is an important water budget term for understanding the recovery of stormwater retention in green roof systems (GRs). However, ET evaluations, particularly in full-scale GRs, remain challenging. This study investigated ET dynamics within a GR in the City of Pittsburgh, USA, using a water balance based on continuously monitored soil moisture from moisture sensors over 15 months. Results suggest under well-watered soil conditions, daily moisture loss correlated with solar radiation, temperature, and humidity, in decreasing order of correlation strength, while wind speed had limited effects. Compared to sensor-informed moisture loss (using moisture-based water balance), the Hargreaves and FAO-56 Penman-Monteith equations predicted cumulative ET that was 1.8 and 2.1 times higher, respectively. When soil moisture declined and approached the temporary wilting points, a noticeable reduction in daily moisture loss was observed. This suggests the necessity of using a water stress coefficient alongside a crop coefficient to represent actual ET based on FAO-56 Penman-Monteith estimates. Seasonal crop coefficients from dominant native plant species present at our monitored location, eastern bluestar (Amsonia tabernaemontana) and creeping woodsorrel (Oxalis corniculata), had mean values of 0.48, 0.62, and 0.65 for fall, spring, and summer, respectively. The impact of water stress on ET could be characterized by a linear relationship with moisture content. Our results highlight the importance of soil moisture in regulating ET processes and demonstrate the utility of soil moisture data for evaluating ET in GRs and informing irrigation practices.