A framework and generic models for quantifying surface environmental impact of VOCs emissions from the complex fractured rocks.

To analyze the surface cumulative mass of VOCs from residual sources in dual-media fractured rocks and assess environmental health risks, complex 3D numerical models were constructed. These models comprehensively considered fracture-rock interactions, density-driven effects, and surface pressure fluctuations. The investigation identified the key control factors affecting surface cumulative mass, including the fracture aperture, pollutant source location, fracture density, and so on. Additionally, a regression-based general surrogate model was established using the obtained representative dataset. According to U.S. EPA's Respiratory Inhalation Reference Concentrations, the cumulative mass of CHClCHCl in one day for one-third of the model exceeds the concentration limit. Benzene and TCE concentrations reached 29 and 740 times the reference limits, significantly impacting air quality and health. Surrogate model analysis showed that in the worst-case scenario, 1 min's surface cumulative mass could cause Benzene concentrations to exceed the limit by 57 times. The implications of the study lies in reminding us that even after groundwater remediation in the saturated zone, residual VOCs in the capillary zones can still significantly impact surface environmental health risks. This investigation also presents an effective framework that integrates complex, time-consuming numerical modeling with simple, efficient statistical modeling to predict concerned variables and their uncertainties. This study provides a reference basis for the control of environmental pollution pertaining to VOCs volatilization from buried capillary zones at specific depths.