Changes of forests with embankment dams along the Laizhou bay.

Background: Embankment dams were built south of the Laizhou bay in China for controlling storm surge disasters, but they are not enough to replace coastal forests in protecting the land. This study was designed to evaluate the effects of embankment dams on natural forests dominated by and test whether the dam-shrub system is a preferable updated defense.

Methods: Coastal forests on two typical flats, one before and one behind embankment dams, were investigated using quadrats and lines. Land bareness, vegetation composition and species co-occurrence were assessed; structures of populations were evaluated; and spatial patterns of the populations were analyzed using Ripley's K and K functions.

Results: In the area before embankment dams, 84.8% of were juveniles (basal diameter ≤ 3 cm), and 15.2% were adults (basal diameter > 3 cm); behind the dams, 52.9% were juveniles, and 47.1 were adults. In the area before the dams, the land bareness was 13.7%, four species occurred, and they all were ready to co-occur with ; behind the dams, the land bareness was 0%, and 16 species occurred whereas they somewhat resisted co-occurrence with . In the area before the dams, the population was aggregated in heterogeneous patches, and the juveniles tended to co-occur with the adults; behind the dams, they were over-dispersed as nearly uniform distributions, while the juveniles could recruit and were primarily independent of the adults. These results indicate that the species did not suffer from the unnatural dams, but benefited somehow in population expansion and development. Overall, the species can adapt to artificial embankment dams to create a synthetic defense against storm surges.