Microbial Diversity of Periprosthetic Joint Infections in Diabetic and Nondiabetic Patients Following Hip Arthroplasty.

Background: Periprosthetic joint infection (PJI) is a major complication following hip arthroplasty, leading to prolonged hospital stays, increased health care costs, and major morbidity. Diabetes mellitus is a prevalent comorbidity among hip arthroplasty patients, contributing to an increased risk of surgical complications, including infections. However, limited evidence exists regarding the microbial profiles of PJIs in diabetic patients compared to nondiabetic counterparts.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study to investigate the microbial diversity of PJIs in diabetic and nondiabetic patients following hip arthroplasty. Medical records of patients who underwent hip arthroplasty procedures between 1996 and 2021 were reviewed. Patients diagnosed with PJI, based on the international consensus meeting, were included in the study. Microbiological data, including culture results, and risk factors were collected and analyzed. A total of 4,261 culture-positive patients diagnosed with PJI following hip arthroplasty were included in the analysis.

Results: Microbiological analysis revealed a diverse spectrum of microbial pathogens, with Staphylococcus species being the most commonly isolated pathogen. Comparison between diabetic and nondiabetic patients revealed differences in the microbial profiles of PJIs, with diabetic patients more likely to be infected with specific pathogens, including Candida albicans (P = 0.01 odds ratio (OR) 2.8, confidence interval (CI) 1.2 to 6.2), Klebsiella pneumoniae (P = 0.03 OR 2.4, CI 1.0 to 5.6), Staphylococcus aureus (P = 0.04 OR 1.3, CI 1.0 to 1.8), Staphylococcus epidermidis (P < 0.001 (R 1.7, CI 1.4 to 2.2), Polymicrobial infections (P < 0.001 OR 1.5, CI 1.2 to 1.8), and Clostridium perfringens (P = 0.04 OR 5.9, CI 1.0 to 33.1).

Conclusions: Our study provides valuable insights into the microbial diversity of PJIs in diabetic and nondiabetic patients following hip arthroplasty. The identification of a tendency to different microbial profiles in diabetic patients underscores the need for tailored approaches to infection prevention and management in this high-risk population. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and develop targeted interventions to improve patient outcomes.