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A visible-light-mediated strategy is reported for the direct synthesis of polychlorinated vicinal diaryl alkanes from aryl alkenes and chloroform. In this approach, two haloalkyl radicals generated from chloroform via halogen atom transfer (XAT) and direct single electron transfer (SET) within the same photoredox catalysis cycle enable the 1,4-dichloromethyldimerization of alkenes. Besides chloroform, this strategy is applicable to carbon tetrachloride, bromotrichloromethane, and α-bromo carboxylic esters, yielding corresponding 1,4-disubstituted vicinal diaryl alkanes.

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Giese-type alkylation of dehydroalanine derivatives via silane-mediated alkyl bromide activation.

Beilstein J Org Chem

December 2024

Department of Chemical and Geological Sciences, University of Cagliari, S.S. 554, bivio per Sestu, 09042 Monserrato (CA), Italy.

The rising popularity of bioconjugate therapeutics has led to growing interest in late-stage functionalization (LSF) of peptide scaffolds. α,β-Unsaturated amino acids like dehydroalanine (Dha) derivatives have emerged as particularly useful structures, as the electron-deficient olefin moiety can engage in late-stage functionalization reactions, like a Giese-type reaction. Cheap and widely available building blocks like organohalides can be converted into alkyl radicals by means of photoinduced silane-mediated halogen-atom transfer (XAT) to offer a mild and straightforward methodology of alkylation.

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Visible-Light-Induced Radical Carbon Oximation of Styrenes Using -Nitrosoamine and Organic Halides.

J Org Chem

December 2024

Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs Research, College of Chemistry and Materials, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, Jiangxi 330022, P. R. China.

An efficient visible-light-induced radical carbon oximation of styrenes with 1-nitrosopyrrolidine and organic halides is developed. The reaction proceeds smoothly in the absence of a transition metal and a photocatalyst under mild conditions, producing a wide range of functionalized oximes in moderate to good yields. Mechanistic studies reveal that the reaction involves the generation of nucleophilic α-amino alkyl radicals and subsequent halogen atom transfer (XAT) with organic halides.

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Photocatalytic Hydrodichloromethylation of Unactivated Alkenes with Chloroform.

Org Lett

December 2024

Key Laboratory of Bio-Based Material Science and Technology, Ministry of Education, College of Material Science and Engineering, Northeast Forestry University, Harbin 150040, People's Republic of China.

A visible-light-induced method for the hydrodichloromethylation of unactivated alkenes using chloroform (CHCl) was developed, employing pyridine·BH as the halogen atom transfer (XAT) reagent. The strategy showed a broad functional group tolerance, and 29 examples of unactivated alkenes, including complex natural products or drug derivatives, have been established with good yields. Mechanistic studies indicated that CHCl serves as both the source of a dichloromethyl radical and a hydrogen atom transfer (HAT) reagent, and the borane short-chain reaction process was involved in this system.

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NHC boryl radical mediated halogen atom transfer (XAT) is useful in organic synthesis. Yet, most of the reaction ends only with reducing the halogen to hydrogen, that is, the C-X to C-H. This is especially dominant for electron-deficient alkyl halides, where the formed electrophilic radical reacts rapidly with NHC boranes.

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