Cerium-based metal-organic-frameworks with ligand tuning of the microstructures for fluoride adsorption: linear and nonlinear kinetic and isotherm adsorption models.

We present the synthesis and characterisation of three Ce-based metal-organic frameworks (Ce-MOFs) using fumaric acid (Fu), terephthalic acid (BDC), and trimesic acid (HBTC) as linkers. The use of different linkers influenced the size of the MOF particles, surface area, crystallinity, and microporous structure. The successful implementation of Ce-Fu, Ce-BDC, and Ce-HBTC MOFs for fluoride ion removal from wastewater was carried out, in which Ce-Fu MOFs exhibited a maximum adsorption capacity (AC) of 64.2 mg g. The study also reveals that the use of ultrasound as a mediator for adsorption study over conventional method gives rapid adsorption rate, in which 85% of the fluoride uptake took place just in 10 min and achieved maximum AC in 30 min. The kinetics data were most accurately explained by the pseudo-second-order model (PSO). The existence of co-ions such as NO, Cl, HCO, SO, Br, CO, and PO has a substantial effect on fluoride removal. The mechanism between the fluoride ions and the MOF surface took place via the electrostatic force and the ion exchange process, confirmed using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and delsa nano. The material is sustained its relatively higher F ions removal efficiency up to the five cycles. This research might help in the development of novel microporous Ce-based MOFs since it possesses a highly stable crystalline structure in water, suggesting a promising role in aqueous applications.