Striatum and its predominant input, motor cortex, are responsible for the selection and performance of purposive movement, but how their interaction guides these processes is not understood. To establish its neural and behavioral contributions, we bilaterally lesioned motor cortex and recorded striatal activity and reaching performance daily, capturing the lesion's direct ramifications within hours of the intervention. We observed reaching impairment and an absence of striatal motoric activity following lesion of motor cortex, but not parietal cortex control lesions. Although some aspects of performance began to recover after 8-10 days, striatal projection and interneuronal dynamics did not-eventually entering a non-motor encoding state that aligned with persisting kinematic control deficits. Lesioned mice also exhibited a profound inability to switch motor plans while locomoting, reminiscent of clinical freezing of gait (FOG). Our results demonstrate the necessity of motor cortex in generating trained and untrained actions as well as striatal motoric dynamics.
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2024.07.022 | DOI Listing |
Exp Brain Res
December 2024
Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Laboratory of Neurological Sciences, The University of South Dakota, Sanford School of Medicine, Vermillion, SD, USA.
Injury to one cerebral hemisphere can result in paresis of the contralesional hand and subsequent preference of the ipsilesional hand in daily activities. However, forced use therapy in humans can improve function of the contralesional paretic hand and increase its use in daily activities, although the ipsilesional hand may remain preferred for fine motor activities. Studies in monkeys have shown that minimal forced use of the contralesional hand, which was the preferred hand prior to brain injury, can produce remarkable recovery of function.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFBMC Musculoskelet Disord
December 2024
Faculty of Rehabilitation, Kobe Gakuin University, 518 Arise, Ikawadani-cho, Nishi-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 651-2180, Japan.
Background: Exercise-induced hypoalgesia (EIH) is characterized by a reduction in pain perception and sensitivity across both exercising and non-exercising body parts during and after a single bout of exercise. EIH is mediated through central and peripheral mechanisms; however, the specific effect of muscle contraction alone on EIH remains unclear. Moreover, previous studies on electrical muscle stimulation (EMS) have primarily focused on local analgesic effects, often relying on subjective pain reports.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFSci Rep
December 2024
BioMag Laboratory, HUS Diagnostic Center, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki and Aalto University School of Science, Helsinki, Finland.
A novel variant of paired-associative stimulation (PAS) consisting of high-frequency peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and high-intensity transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) above the motor cortex, called high-PAS, can lead to improved motor function in patients with incomplete spinal cord injury. In PAS, the interstimulus interval (ISI) between the PNS and TMS pulses plays a significant role in the location of the intended effect of the induced plastic changes. While conventional PAS protocols (single TMS pulse often applied with intensity close to resting motor threshold, and single PNS pulse) usually require precisely defined ISIs, high-PAS can induce plasticity at a wide range of ISIs and also in spite of small ISI errors, which is helpful in clinical settings where precise ISI determination can be challenging.
View Article and Find Full Text PDFNeurol Int
December 2024
Natural and Humanities Sciences Center (CCNH), Experimental Morphophysiology Laboratory, Federal University of ABC (UFABC), São Bernardo do Campo 09606-070, Brazil.
Background/objectives: Antipsychotic medicines are used to treat several psychological disorders and some symptoms caused by dementia and schizophrenia. Haloperidol (Hal) is a typical antipsychotic usually used to treat psychosis; however, its use causes motor or extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) such as catalepsy. Hal blocks the function of presynaptic D2 receptors on cholinergic interneurons, leading to the release of acetylcholine (ACh), which is hydrolyzed by the enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE).
View Article and Find Full Text PDFScand J Med Sci Sports
January 2025
School of Physical Education, Shanghai University of Sport, Shanghai, China.
Long-term training enables professional athletes to develop concentrated and efficient neural network organizations for specific tasks. This study used functional near-infrared spectroscopy to investigate task performance, brain functional characteristics, and their relationships in footballers during sport-specific motor-cognitive processes. Twenty-four footballers (athlete group, with 18 remaining of good signal quality) and 20 non-footballers (control group, with 16 remaining) completed four tasks: a single task (trigger buttons corresponding to the appearance direction of teammates with kicking actions), an N-back direction task, a dual task, and an N-back digit task.
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