Impact of COVID-19 on brain connectivity and rehabilitation outcome after stroke.

Background: Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) may induce neurological issues, impacting brain structure and stroke recovery. Limited studies have explored its effects on post-stroke rehabilitation. Our study compares brain structure and connectivity, assessing rehabilitation outcomes based on pre-stroke COVID-19 infection.

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 299 post-stroke rehabilitation cases from May 2021 to January 2023 included two groups: those diagnosed with COVID-19 at least two weeks before stroke onset (COVID group) and those without (control group). Criteria involved first unilateral supratentorial stroke, <3 months post-onset, initial MR imaging, and pre- and post-rehabilitation clinical assessments. Propensity score matching ensured age, sex, and initial clinical assessment similarities. Using lesion mapping, tract-based statistical analysis, and group-independent component analysis MRI scans were assessed for structural and functional differences.

Results: After propensity score matching, 12 patients were included in each group. Patient demographics showed no significant differences Analyses of MR imaging revealed no significant differences between COVID and control groups. Post-rehabilitation clinical assessments improved notably in both groups, however the intergroup analysis showed no significant difference.

Conclusions: Previous COVID-19 infection did not affect brain structure or connectivity nor outcomes after rehabilitation.