To date, the role of NODAL in normal and abnormal L-R asymmetry has been well established. In a recent paper, mutations of this gene have been reported in heterotaxy but also in transposition with D- or L-ventricular loop. The effects of NODAL and other laterality genes can be recognized separately in all three cardiac segments: for topology and septation of the atria, for ventricular looping, and for spiralization and alignment of the great arteries.
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CIROZ is dispensable in ancestral vertebrates but essential for left-right patterning in humans.
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Article Synopsis
- * Analysis of mouse embryos from diabetic mothers showed disruptions in the expression of genes related to left-right (L-R) axis formation, particularly Pitx2 and Nodal.
- * High glucose levels affected metabolic processes and signaling pathways in embryos, and maternal vitamin A intake was found to worsen L-R axis defects, highlighting the role of diet in preventing such anomalies in diabetic pregnancies.
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