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MRI signatures of cortical microstructure in human development align with oligodendrocyte cell-type expression. | LitMetric

AI Article Synopsis

  • Neuroanatomical changes during adolescence, observed through MRI, show significant cortical thinning and volume loss, but the cellular mechanisms behind these changes have not been clearly understood until now.
  • Recent advancements in MRI technology allowed researchers to analyze the microstructure of the cortex in children and adolescents, revealing that neurite signal increases and soma radius decreases with age, indicating ongoing neural development.
  • The study also found an increase in gene expression related to oligodendrocytes and excitatory neurons, suggesting that myelination processes are crucial for cortical maturation during adolescence and into early adulthood.

Article Abstract

Neuroanatomical changes to the cortex during adolescence have been well documented using MRI, revealing ongoing cortical thinning and volume loss with age. However, the underlying cellular mechanisms remain elusive with conventional neuroimaging. Recent advances in MRI hardware and new biophysical models of tissue informed by diffusion MRI data hold promise for identifying the cellular changes driving these morphological observations. This study used ultra-strong gradient MRI to obtain high-resolution, in vivo estimates of cortical neurite and soma microstructure in sample of typically developing children and adolescents. Cortical neurite signal fraction, attributed to neuronal and glial processes, increased with age (mean R =.53, p<3.3e-11, 11.91% increase over age), while apparent soma radius decreased (mean R =.48, p<4.4e-10, 1% decrease over age) across domain-specific networks. To complement these findings, developmental patterns of cortical gene expression in two independent post-mortem databases were analysed. This revealed increased expression of genes expressed in oligodendrocytes, and excitatory neurons, alongside a relative decrease in expression of genes expressed in astrocyte, microglia and endothelial cell-types. Age-related genes were significantly enriched in cortical oligodendrocytes, oligodendrocyte progenitors and Layer 5-6 neurons (p<.001) and prominently expressed in adolescence and young adulthood. The spatial and temporal alignment of oligodendrocyte cell-type gene expression with neurite and soma microstructural changes suggest that ongoing cortical myelination processes contribute to adolescent cortical development. These findings highlight the role of intra-cortical myelination in cortical maturation during adolescence and into adulthood.

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http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11312524PMC
http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/2024.07.30.605934DOI Listing

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