Defect and Heterostructure engineering assisted S-scheme NbO nanosystems-based solutions for environmental pollution and energy conversion.

This review explores the crystallographic versatility of niobium pentoxide (NbO) at the nanoscale, showcasing enhanced catalytic efficiency for cutting-edge sustainable energy and environmental applications. The synthesis strategies explored encompass defect engineering, doping engineering, s-scheme formation, and heterojunction engineering to fine-tune the physicochemical attributes of diverse dimensional (0-D, 1-D, 2-D, and 3-D) NbO nanosystems as per targeted application. In addressing escalating environmental challenges, NbO emerges as a semiconductor photocatalyst with transformative potential, spanning applications from dye degradation to antibiotic and metal removal. Beyond its environmental impact, NbO is pivotal in sustainable energy applications, specifically in carbon dioxide and hydrogen conversion. However, challenges such as limited light absorption efficiency and scalability in production methods prompt the need for targeted research endeavors. The review details the state-of-the-art NbO nanosystems engineering, tuning their physicochemical properties employing material engineering, and their high catalytic performance in environment remediation and energy generation. It outlines challenges, potential mitigation strategies, and prospects, urging for developing greener synthesis routes, advanced charge transfer techniques, targeted optimization for specific pollutants, and application for micro/nano plastics photocatalytic reduction. As researchers and environmental stewards collaborate, NbO stands poised at the intersection of environmental remediation, energy harvesting, and nanomaterial advancements, offering a beacon of progress toward a cleaner, more sustainable future.