Assessment of Tricuspid Regurgitation by Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging: Current Role and Future Applications.

Tricuspid regurgitation (TR) is a prevalent valvular disease with a significant mortality rate. The evaluation of TR severity and associated right heart remodeling and dysfunction is crucial to determine the optimal therapeutic strategy and to improve prognosis. While echocardiography remains the first-line imaging technique to evaluate TR, it has many limitations, both operator- and patient-related. Cardiovascular magnetic resonance imaging (CMR) has emerged as an innovative and comprehensive non-invasive cardiac imaging technique with additional value beyond routine echocardiographic assessment. Besides its established role as the gold standard for the evaluation of cardiac volumes, CMR can add important insights with regard to valvular anatomy and function. Accurate quantification of TR severity, including calculation of regurgitant volume and fraction, can be performed using either the well-known indirect volumetric method or novel 4D flow imaging. In addition, CMR can be used to assess the impact on the right heart, including right heart remodeling, function and tissue characterization. Several CMR-derived parameters have been associated with outcome, highlighting the importance of multi-modality imaging in patients with TR. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of the current role of CMR in the assessment and management of patients with TR and its future applications.