Agricultural intensification in Lake Naivasha Catchment in Kenya and associated nutrients and pesticides pollution.

Investments in agricultural intensification in sub-Saharan Africa aim to fulfill food and economic demands. However, the increased use of fertilizers and pesticides poses ecological risks to water bodies in agricultural catchments. This study focused on assessing the impact of agricultural intensification on nutrient and pesticide pollution in the L. Naivasha catchment in Kenya. The research revealed significant changes in the catchment's agricultural landscape between 1989 and 2019, driven by intensified agricultural expansion. As a result, nutrient and pesticide emissions have worsened the lake's trophic status, shifting it towards hypereutrophic conditions. The study found a weak relationship between total nitrogen (TN) and sum dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (∑DDT), indicating that an increase in TN slightly predicted a reduction in ∑DDT. Analysis also showed potential phosphorus (P) limitation in the lake. Additionally, the observed ratio between dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane and dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (DDD:DDE) and (DDE + DDD):DDT ratios suggest recent use of banned DDT in the catchment. The study concludes that the transformation of L. Naivasha landscape shows unsustainable agricultural expansion with reduced forest cover, increased croplands, and increased pesticide contamination. This reflects a common issue in sub-Saharan Africa, that sustainable catchment management must address, specifically for combined pollutants, to support water quality and achieve the SDGs in agriculture.