Understanding and comparing relative pesticide risk among North American wild bees from their association with agriculture.

In North America, approximately 21 % (739 species) of the total wild bee diversity is known to be associated with crops, with bee species varying in the extent of this association. While current evaluations of pesticide effects on bees primarily focus on a limited subset of species, a new focus is needed to ensure comprehensive protection of all wild bees in agricultural contexts. This study introduces a novel approach to characterize and compare the relative potential pesticide risk for wild bee species of their association with crops. Using intrinsic bee vulnerability traits and extrinsic factors like crop toxic loads and association strength, we calculated Bee-Crop Risk Scores for 594 wild bee species, identifying those experiencing the highest potential risk from pesticide exposure in North American agroecosystems. We discuss the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on the relative potential risk calculated and outline avenues for refining our approach. As most species facing the highest potential risk from pesticide exposure across North America are ground-nesters, our study suggests that species (e.g., Osmia spp., Megachile spp.) commonly proposed as models for pesticide risk assessments may not accurately represent risk for those bee species facing the highest potential risk in agricultural contexts.