Impact of permanganate with polyaluminium chloride on algae-laden karst water: Behaviors and disinfection by-products control.

The removal of algal organic matter (AOM) through water treatment processes is a major approach of reducing the formation of disinfection by-products (DBP). Here, the formation of DBP from AOM in karst water under different combination of potassium permanganate (KMnO) and polyaluminium chloride (PACl) was investigated. The effect of divalent ions (Ca and Mg) on DBP formation was traced by AOM chemistry variations. For DBP formation after KMnO preoxidation, total carbonaceous DBPs (C-DBPs) decreased by 12.9% but nitrogen-containing DBPs (N-DBPs) increased by 18.8%. Conversely, the C-DBPs further increased by 3.3% but N-DBPs reduced by 10.7% after the addition of PACl besides KMnO preoxidation. The variations of aromatic protein-like, soluble microbial products-like compounds and ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm (UV) were highly correlated with the formation of DBPs, which suggest aromatic substances strongly affect DBP behaviors at different treatment conditions. In the presence of divalent ions (Ca = 135.86 mg/L, Mg = 18.51 mg/L), the combination of KMnO and PACl was more effective in controlling DBP formation compared to the situation without Ca and Mg. Specifically, trichloromethane formation was largely inhibited compared to the other tested DBPs, which may refer to complexation of electron-donating groups via divalent ions. While Ca and Mg may not affect the nature of α-carbon and amine groups, so the variation of haloacetonitriles (HANs) was not obvious. The study enhances the understanding of the DBP formation patterns, transformation of carbon and nitrogen by preoxidation-coagulation (KMnO-PACl) treatment in algae-laden karst water.