Exploring anti-diabetic potential of compounds from roots of Wall. ex Lindl. through inhibition of carbohydrate-digesting enzymes and glycation inhibitory activity.

Eight compounds, including one anthraquinone, two bibenzyls, one phenanthrene, three dihydrophenanthrenes, and one flavonoid, were isolated from the roots of Wall. ex Lindl. Among these, six compounds were investigated for inhibitory activities against alpha-glucosidase, alpha-amylase, and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) production. Additionally, molecular docking was conducted to analyze the interactions of the test compounds with alpha-glucosidase. Moscatin, the only isolated phenanthrene, displayed the strongest anti-alpha-glucosidase activity with an IC of 32.45 ± 1.04 μM, approximately 10-fold smaller than that of acarbose. Furthermore, moscatilin most strongly inhibited alpha-amylase and AGEs production with IC values of 256.94 ± 9.87 and 67.89 ± 9.42 μM, respectively. Molecular docking analysis revealed the effective binding of all substances to alpha-glucosidase with smaller lowest binding energy values than acarbose. Moscatin was selected for kinetics studies, and it was identified as a non-competitive inhibitor with approximately 9-fold greater inhibitory capability than acarbose. This study represents the first report on the phytochemical constituents and antidiabetic potential of compounds derived from the roots of . Wall. ex Lindl.