'We are all children of war': a qualitative inquiry into parenting following adolescents' recent traumatic exposure in a multiple crisis setting in Beirut, Lebanon.

Strong familial bonds are crucial to building resilience among youth exposed to traumatic events in socially adverse environments. Exploring parental experiences in the aftermath of adolescents' traumatic exposure in these settings would help tailor early interventions. We qualitatively explored experiences and perceived needs among parents of teenagers aged 11-16 years who were exposed in the last three months to a potentially traumatic event in Beirut, Lebanon. We purposively sampled 28 parents of 24 adolescents meeting the inclusion criteria. Semi-structured interviews were conducted, and thematic analysis was applied combined with a grounded theory approach. The most frequent traumatic event was direct exposure to the violent clashes that happened in Beirut on 14 October 2021. Parents identified that the recent event exacerbated pre-existing mental health difficulties caused by cumulative stress. They were reminded of their own war experiences and tended to reject the 'sick role' associated with trauma. A majority of participants viewed resilience as a fixed trait characteristic of the Lebanese and avoided communication with their children about traumatic memories, while a significant minority criticised resilience as a myth that added pressure on them and had more open communication about trauma. Parenting styles oscillated between controlling behaviours, warmth, and avoidance, which impacted the family dynamic. Despite adversity, most parents tried to cope through social connectedness, humour, and living day by day. Our findings hold implications for contextual adaptations of early posttraumatic interventions aimed at strengthening family support, such as addressing parental mental health; increasing awareness among first-line responders on parents' potential representations of trauma and resilience; addressing the issue of controlling parenting; and including a component in psychoeducation on traumatic stress that validates the impact of daily stressors on mental health while avoiding direct labelling. Further research is needed to validate the impact of these domains.