Background: Hip surveillance in cerebral palsy (CP) is an accepted practice with evidence-based guidelines implemented. For the skeletally immature with open triradiate cartilage (TRC), recommendations for radiographic surveillance stemmed from population-based studies. For nonambulatory CP, progression of hip displacement after skeletal maturity has been reported; less is known for ambulatory CP. We aimed to determine the prevalence and risk factors associated with progressive hip displacement after TRC closure, a proxy for skeletal maturity, for ambulatory CP.
Methods: This is a retrospective cohort study of patients with ambulatory CP (Gross Motor Function Classification System I-III), with unilateral or bilateral involvement, hypertonic motor type, regular hip surveillance (≥3 radiographs after age 10 yr, 1 before TRC closure, ≥1 after age 16 yr), and 2-year follow-up post-TRC closure. The primary outcome was migration percentage (MP). Other variables included previous preventative/reconstructive surgery, topographic pattern, sex, scoliosis, epilepsy, and ventriculoperitoneal shunt. An "unsuccessful hip" was defined by MP ≥30%, MP progression ≥10%, and/or requiring reconstructive surgery after TRC closure. Statistical analyses included chi-square and multivariate Cox regression. Kaplan-Meier survivorship curves were also determined. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used to determine the MP threshold for progression to an "unsuccessful hip" after TRC closure.
Results: Seventy-six patients (39.5% female) met the inclusion criteria, mean follow-up 4.7±2.1 years after TRC closure. Sixteen (21.1%) patients had an unsuccessful hip outcome. By chi-square analysis, diplegia ( P =0.002) and epilepsy ( P =0.04) were risk factors for an unsuccessful hip. By multivariate analysis, only first MP after TRC closure ( P <0.001) was a significant risk factor for progression to an unsuccessful hip; MP ≥28% being the determined threshold (receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, area under curve: 0.845, P <0.02).
Conclusions: The risk of MP progression after skeletal maturity is relatively high (21%), similar to nonambulatory CP. Annual hip surveillance radiographs after TRC closure should continue for Gross Motor Function Classification System I-III with an MP ≥28% after TRC closure, especially for bilateral CP and epilepsy.
Level Of Evidence: III.
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