Water Impact: When a Sphere Becomes Flat.

A large hydrodynamic force accompanies the vertical impact of bodies on water. While added mass phenomena govern these forces for both spherical and flat impactors, the dynamics of a trapped gas layer critically alters the flat case, reducing the peak pressure below that predicted by water hammer theory. An impactor with a spherical nose cap looks increasingly flat as the nose curvature approaches zero. This causes one to ask at what curvature a spherical cap impactor transitions to flat impact behavior. We find this transition, relate limiting behaviors to theories, and dispel the long-held belief that the largest water impact forces occur for flat bodies.