African Women in Neurosurgery: An Exploration of Historical Perspectives, Current Realities, and Future Prospects.

Background: Gender disparities remain a significant issue, particularly impacting African women in the field of neurosurgery.

Methods: Databases, articles, and perspectives were reviewed to identify challenges faced by African Women in Neurosurgery (AWIN), and explore solutions for recruitment, retention, and career advancement of AWIN.

Results: In 1982, Africa saw its first female neurosurgeon, with the first female president of the World Federation of Neurosurgical Societies appointed 4 null decades later. Presently, the continent hosts 245 female neurosurgeons, with North Africa comprising the majority at 76.3%, with Algeria notably contributing 72.2% of this total. Southern Africa contributes 7.8%, while West Africa, East Africa, and Central Africa contribute 6.5%, 6.1%, and 3.3%, respectively. Thirteen countries lack neurosurgeons entirely and 30 out of the 54 African nations face shortages of female neurosurgeons, with distributions as follows: North Africa (1-country), Southern Africa (6-countries), West Africa (8-countries), East Africa (9-countries), and Central Africa (6-countries). Our analysis mapped the distribution of 245 AWIN across the African regions and examined the professional trajectories and achievements of 17 pioneering AWIN. Additionally, we compiled registries for: 1) 76 neurosurgical training programs across 26 African countries, 2) organizations tackling gender disparities in neurosurgery, and 3) recommendations to promote AWIN across governmental, community, and academic spheres.

Conclusions: To boost AWIN representation in neurosurgery, concerted and comprehensive efforts are vital. Collaboration among medical schools, training programs, and governments is key to fostering diversity and inclusivity in African neurosurgical settings.