Evidence of low velocity layers at the top and bottom of the Mantle Transition Zone (MTZ) below the Uttarakhand Himalaya, India.

The Mantle Transition Zone (MTZ) beneath the Uttarakhand Himalaya has been modelled using Common Conversion Point (CCP) stacking and depth-migration of radial P-receiver functions. In the Uttarakhand Himalaya region, the depths of the 410-km discontinuity (d410) and the 660-km discontinuity (d660) are estimated to be approximately 406 ± 8 km and 659 ± 10 km, respectively. Additionally, the thickness of the mantle transition zone (MTZ) is modelled to be 255 ± 7 km. The average arrival times for d410 and d660 conversions are (44.47 ± 1.33) s and (71.08 ± 1.29) s, respectively, indicating an undisturbed slightly deeper d410 and a deformed noticeably deeper d660 in the area. The model identifies the characteristics of the d410 and d660 mantle discontinuities beneath the Lesser Himalayan region, revealing a thickening of the MTZ towards northeast, which could be due to gradual cooling or thickening of the Indian lithosphere towards its northern limit. We simulate a low-velocity layer (perhaps partially molten) above the d410 discontinuity at depths of 350 to 385 km, indicating the presence of a hydrated MTZ beneath the area. We also interpret a negative phase at d660 as a low-velocity layer between 590 and 640 km depths, which could be attributed to the accumulation of old subducted oceanic materials or increased water content at the bottom of the MTZ. Our results suggest the presence of residues from paleo-subducted lithospheric slabs in and below the mantle transition zone underlying the Uttarakhand Himalayas.